Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) are main reasons for the development of liver cirrhosis (LC) on a worldwide scale. Chronic HBV infection is a main reason for the development of LC in high-risk areas, for example, China and Africa, whereas chronic HCV infection is a main reason in developed countries. In China, the harm of LC is serious, and 30 million of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients is the major source of LC and the one-year cumulative incidence rate of LC in CHB patients was 2.1% - 6%. The risk factors of the development of LC in CHB patients reported were controversial.

The recent emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extremely drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria has renewed interest in colistin (Polymyxins, a family of cationic polypeptide antibiotics) as a last-resort in the treatment of severe bacterial infections [1,2], despite being a drug with potential serious adverse events (mainly high risk of nephrotoxicity) [3,4]. Acquired resistance to polymyxins is generally associated with chromosomal mutations [5,6].

Especially in recent years, important population mobility occurs worldwide, including refugee crisis affecting especially Middle East and Europe. Consequently, like other infectious diseases have significance for public health, leishmaniasis is spreading globally. 350 million people in 88 countries, mostly in developing areas, are at risk of leishmaniasis. The diseases may be seen in three clinical forms as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral caused by about 20 different species of Leishmania parasite. The parasitological diagnosis is made by microscopic examination, cultivation, PCR and serological methods. There is currently no available vaccine for this infection. Pentavalent antimonials are the first line therapeutic choice, whereas amphotericin B, pentamidine, miltefosine, and paromomycin are alternative drugs. Other side, increasing resistance and toxicity of the current therapeutics are significant problems. The combination therapy, immunotherapy, anti-leishmanial synthetic and natural products, and local hyperthermic applications are promising for future treatment of leishmaniasis. The preventive efforts have been applying based on individuals and community.In CHB patients, habits of drinking alcohol and cigarette smoking, elevated serum levels of TBil and serum AST/ALT ratio, increased duration of hepatitis B, a family of hepatitis B, male gender and older age can increase the risk of LC development.

2018 is a year to remember as we passed 100 years from the most catastrophic event in recordedhistory: the 1918 infl uenza pandemic. After that, we encountered three more infl uenza pandemics in 1957, 1968 and 2009. In 2018, Infl uenza season has been worse than recent previous seasons. Infl uenza activity in this year is comparable to 2009 H1N1 pandemic taking a terrible toll. Infl uenza, an acute respiratory illness caused by different strains of infl uenza A or B virus that occurs in outbreaks and epidemics worldwide. Psychiatric units represent a unique challenge for infl uenza outbreaks because they are closed units, and hygienic measures are harder to implement due to patient mental conditions. Early diagnosis and timely interventions are essential to decrease the burden of the disease. As a general recommendation, all persons older than six months without a contraindication should receive annual infl uenza vaccination, especially populations at a higher risk of medical complications.